Unsettling, Homogenous Fiction The Uncertain Boundary Between Life and Art - Literature Essay Samples

While long form fictional prose may seem like a simple enough concept, the novel – despite the prevalence and relative ease with which it rests in the modern consciousness – is a far more complex entity than any such one-dimensional definition can do justice. Standing on the premise of verisimilitude, the novel actively refuses definition based on either what it is or is not, but rather sets for its ultimate goal the representation of that which is like reality, but is in fact not. Thus, in the quest for verisimilitude, any novel is at its heart a paradox. If one of the hallmarks of the modernist era was experimentation with the form of the novel, conventional verisimilitude by no means escaped untouched. Despite it opacity, this paradox at the core of the novel met the same fate in the hands of the modernists as the genre’s more easily identified conventions. While plot, narration, and character underwent significant and sometimes nearly unrecognizable revisions beneath the modernist’s pen, the already convoluted notion of verisimilitude inevitably both reflected these innovations as well as endured its own contortions. Often considered Virginia Woolf’s first truly experimental novel, Jacob’s Room leaves no conventional literary stone unturned, featuring prominent deviations from the accepted novelistic traditions of narrator, plot, and narrative time. Woolf’s various disruptions of the conventional novel – including a narrator at once limited and omniscient, a series of fragmented vignettes in place of a plot, and a chronology corresponding to the conventions of neither the linear nor nonlinear timeline – all disrupt the fundamental novelistic bedrock of verisimilitude. Woolf’s innovations blur the accepted division between the world inside and outside the novel, questioning the distinction between art and life and suggesting that the represented world is perhaps no more imagined than its model. Though certainly not the least striking of Woolf’s innovations in Jacob’s Room, the novel’s narrator does not initially present herself as a significant disruption of literary conventions. In fact, for much of the first few chapters, the narrator maintains a fairly traditional third-person omniscience. It is only by degrees that Woolf reveals the complex and almost eerie nature of the novel’s narrative voice, beginning perhaps most explicitly with the narrator’s own assertion that â€Å"It is no use trying to sum people up. One must follow hints, not exactly what is said, nor yet entirely what is done† (Woolf 37). Here, the narrator begins a recurring pattern of rejecting her own omniscience, undermining her own authority, and ultimately establishing a narrative voice incongruous with any accepted paradigm of narration. Woolf’s narrator can no more commit to ignorance than she can omniscience, however, and spends the remainder of the n ovel alternating between claims to authority and blindness, weaving an enigmatic narrative presence Alex Zwerdling can only adequately describe with the coinage â€Å"semiscient† (Zwerdling 902). The narrator’s mutability is not limited to struggles with epistemological authority, but extends even to the narrator’s form – or lack thereof. When claiming omniscience, the narrator usually assumes a traditional, immaterial presence – a disembodied narrative voice outside the action of the novel. At other times, however, the narrative voice not only rejects omniscience, but also takes on physical characteristics. Questioning â€Å"whether we know what was in [Jacob’s] mind,† the narrator further tempers her authority with an unanticipated claim to â€Å"ten years’ seniority and a difference of sex† (Woolf 128). Sometimes a detached, invisible voice, other times materializing to the point of declaring an age and gender, Woolf’s narrator both transcends and is limited by the world of the text. While Woolf’s erratic narrator obviously suggests an epistemological crisis, Woolf does not merely raise doubt for the sak e of doubt itself. Rather, the narrator’s â€Å"semiscience† mirrors the paradoxically limited omniscience of readership itself. While a reader may possess more knowledge than the characters in a narrative, they have at their disposal only whatever degree of omniscience the narrator sees fit to bestow at any given point in the novel. In creating a narrator that reflects the reader’s paradox of simultaneous power and limitation dictated by the text of the novel itself, Woolf â€Å"create[s] a permeable membrane between text and world† (Wall 312). Woolf’s inconsistent narration invites the reader to pass through this membrane and join narrator and characters in a kind of trinity of epistemological ambiguity, calling into question not only the boundaries of knowledge, but also the presumed boundaries of art and life. This protean narrative presence explains the somewhat unsettling lack of interiority in the novel’s would-be protagonist. Jacob is surprisingly absent throughout the novel that bears his name, and even when physically present, still manages to evoke an aura of vacancy. The narrator seldom extends her omniscience to Jacob’s interior consciousness, leaving a disconcertingly hollow character at the center of a novel Kathleen Wall refers to broadly as a â€Å"Jacob-shaped hole† (Wall 306). Throughout the novel, the narrator manipulates her omniscience around Jacob, refusing to â€Å"follow him back to his rooms† and deliberately obscuring his interiority (Woolf 128). Thus, the reader is left with little more knowledge of Jacob than they would have of any stranger passed on the street. Jacob’s lack of interiority, though unusual for the world of the novel, closely mirrors the realities of human interaction outside it, and is reflective of the ultimately impenetrable nature of individual consciousness. This contrast between the reader’s expectations of interiority and the reality of the fragmented characterization that dominates Jacob’s Room emphasizes the limited nature of human interaction and understanding between individuals in the world outside the novel. Jacob’s hollow presence – or absence – at the heart of the novel suggests an inevitable void between individuals. If Woolf’s narrator vacillates between omniscient and limited perspectives, then it is no surprise that the novel’s timeline is similarly capricious, fluctuating between the conventions of both linear and nonlinear chronology. Beginning with Jacob’s childhood and ending with his death, Jacob’s Room seems to bear the frame of the linear chronology associated with the bildungsroman. This framework, however, does not consistently underlie the novel. Lacking a true plot in any conventional sense, Woolf’s series of loosely connected vignettes already breeds a timeline that is fragmented at best, and often gives way to an even more erratic chronology in the hands of the narrator. In her moments of unqualified omniscience, the narrator often takes the liberty of somewhat arbitrarily advancing the timeline. From these moments of clairvoyance, the narrator discloses such seemingly random and inconsequential information as to whom the never before and never a gain mentioned Kitty Craster was married six months in the future, alongside more cumbersome announcements such as one declaring with a kind of alarming insouciance that a certain Jimmy â€Å"now feeds crows in Flanders† (Woolf 112, 131). Along with these fluctuations between linear and nonlinear portrayals of time, Woolf’s chronology further deviates from narrative conventions with a number of highly descriptive passages that almost seem to exist outside of the narrative timeframe entirely. In her analysis, Wall equates these passages to visual still-lifes, attempting to explain them as a manifestation of ekphrasis (Wall 313). A notable example of one of Woolf’s so called still-lifes is the depiction of Jacob’s room: â€Å"Listless is the air in an empty room, just swelling the curtain; the flowers in the jar shift. One fiber in the wicker arm chair creaks, though no one sits there† (Woolf 49, 247). Woolf’s verbatim repetition of this passage at two different points in the novel’s chronology seems to emphasize the insignificance of time, suggesting that this particular description exists independently of the novel’s timeline. By suggesting the existence of time outside of the narrative timeline, Woolf again creates a membrane between the world inside and outside of the novel, bridging the gap between art and reality. While the timeline of Jacob’s Room resists any strictly linear definition, it does still correspond broadly to a general apprehension of time dominant in modern western consciousness. Initially coined by Walter Benjamin, Benedict Anderson later borrowed this notion of â€Å"homogenous, empty time,† in Imagined Communities. Characterized by the definition of simultaneity as a product of temporal coincidence in calendrical time, Anderson emphasizes the role of this perception of time in both the modern novel as well as the modern perception of reality. This faith in simultaneity, the idea of individuals in society always united by the passage of calendrical time, forms the foundation of the represented world at the heart of the novel. A reader’s partial omniscience within a narrative – their knowledge that Andrew Floyd recognizes a grown Jacob in Piccadilly while the latter remains entirely unaware of his observer’s presence – dominates their p erception of the world outside the novel as well. While an individual in society may not know the exact actions and thoughts of his fellow man, this novelistic notion of simultaneity lends him â€Å"complete confidence in their steady, anonymous, simultaneous activity† (Anderson 26). Narrative time in Jacob’s Room is perhaps no better described than as â€Å"empty† and â€Å"homogenous.† Dominated by simultaneity, composed entirely of fragmented snapshots of experience and populated by faceless characters who only appear when temporal coincidence calls, Jacob’s Room – by virtue of its own obscurity – is perhaps the most archetypal example of Benedict’s theory of western time. Following the principle of verisimilitude, novelistic time is a representation of real time. However, Anderson’s analysis suggests that time itself always takes a represented form – it is always perceived and represented, whether in literature or simply in public consciousness. To borrow a phrase from Woolf’s narrator, â€Å"The point is, that we have been brought up in an illusion† – the illusion that our perception of time is somehow rooted in reality, while its representation in novels is a form of fiction (Woolf 189). Obscuring the perceived distinction between any such notion of â€Å"real time† and narrative time, Jacob’s Room provides a literary archetype for the theory Anderson would present decades later. Both narration and time in Jacob’s Room bleed through the accepted boundaries of the traditional novel, making often disconcerting contact with the outside world. In some ways then, Woolf presents Jacob’s Room a s a solution to the problem of verisimilitude, permanently obfuscating the distinction between â€Å"reality and that which is like reality.† Woolf strips the idea of verisimilitude bare, challenging the very notion of reality itself and painting in its place a blurred and unbounded portrait of that which is like an idea of reality. Jacob’s Room is a decidedly, but perhaps surprisingly, eerie novel. In large part a product of the novel’s innovations in form, this resultant tone is unconventional in its own right as well. It is not Jacob’s death, nor his lack of interiority in life, nor even the final image of his empty shoes that renders the novel so unsettling. Rather, it is Woolf’s experimentation with the form of the narrative that breeds the pervasive sense of the uncanny that breathes throughout Jacob’s Room. Like a ghost, frightening in its transgressions across the sacred boundary between life and death, Woolf’s narrative form strikes an eerie note in crossing and obscuring the boundary between life and art – a division presumed absolute. Jacob’s Room is not haunted by its late occupant, but rather by the simple suggestion that the world outside the novel is perhaps no less imagined than its representation. Works Cited Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. Verso, 2006, pp. 22-36. Wall, Kathleen. Significant Form in Jacobs Room: Ekphrasis and the Elegy. Texas Studies in Literature and Language 44.3 (2002): 302-23. Web. Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Oxford, 2008. Zwerdling, Alex. Jacobs Room: Woolfs Satiric Elegy. ELH 48.4 (1981): 894-913. Web. Copy

The Playing Days Of Lou Gehrig - 1068 Words

The Playing Days of Lou Gehrig Baseball is a poor man’s sport, easy to play and addicting to watch. During the days of Lou Gehrig, whenever there was a baseball game, people usually forgot their worries that day and went to watch their heroes play. 1n 1917, the Americans declared war on Germany. â€Å"Even in America’s ballparks, German immigrants sought to distance themselves from their native land† (Eig, 19). In a world of insecurity caused by the jeopardy of war and an ongoing economic depression, Lou Gehrig signified a show of pride and confidence until Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis put an abrupt end to his playing days. When it comes to baseball, there have been a few high caliber players who become American icons. Lou Gehrig became that icon of the era in which he thrived. While he spent much of his career in the shadow of his mentor and teammate Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig would eventually emerge from Ruth’s shadow and represent the values of the 1930’s. During Lou Gehrigà ¢â‚¬â„¢s era baseball served as a distraction from the adversity of the world war and the depression. In the 1920s, America ended World War I with a bodacious force not to be ignored with. The Roaring Twenties, was an era when America accomplished immense economic development. The stock market soared as the citizens of the United States hastily purchased goods on credit. As a result of the admirable twentieth century, hours were lower and wages were higher. The average person had more money to spend leavingShow MoreRelatedLou Gehrig Speech Analysis1622 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish Composition 1301 26 May 2012 Lou Gehrig’s Farewell Speech Analysis Imagine a young boy and his father going to the New York Yankees ballpark on a warm sunny day. The date is July 4, 1939 and it is Lou Gehrig appreciation day at the ballpark. Lou Gehrig had been playing major league baseball for seventeen years and is one of the most well thought of players in the game. When the boy and his father arrive at the ballpark, Lou walks to a podium and begins to talk. Without any prior warningRead More Lou Gehrig’s Farewell Speech Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesLou Gehrig’s Farewell Speech Throughout the course of American history, there have been copious amounts of famous speeches, spoken by many different people. From political figures to sports players; these people have provided deep thoughts and great insights about who they are and the world we live in today. Being a sports enthusiast, a memorable speech comes to my mind. Lou Gehrig’s â€Å"farewell speech†, given on July 4th, 1939, to more than 62,000 fans at New York City’s Yankee Stadium, hasRead More Lou Gerhigs Farwell Speech Essay790 Words   |  4 Pages Language Analysis of Lou Gehrig’s Farwell Speech to the Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lou Gehrig was one of the best baseball players to ever play the game. He was blessed with an amazing career playing for the New York Yankees setting many major league records such as 2,130 consecutive games from 1925 to 1939. Unfortunately all good things must come to an end and on July 4, 1939 Gehrig stood before his devoted fans at Yankee Stadium and announced that he had been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosisRead MoreCase Study : From Columbia To Yankee Stadium951 Words   |  4 PagesChristina was adamant that Gehrig receive a good education so, in 1921, he went to Columbia on a football scholarship to pursue a degree in engineering. Before his first semester began, New York Giants manager John McGraw advised him to play summer professional baseball under an assumed name, Henry Lewis. â€Å"Everyone does it,† McGraw explained, even though the illegal ball playing could have jeopardized Gehrig’s collegiate sports career. Gehrig was di scovered after playing a dozen games for HartfordRead MoreEssay about Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis1600 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as, Lou Gehrig’s disease. Lou Gehrig was a talented and popular professional baseball player. Before being diagnosed with ALS in 1939, Lou Gehrig was known for his abilities at the plate and his longevity. Because of his durability he was coined the nickname â€Å"The Iron Horse.† The sad irony to his nickname is that at the age of 36 he unexpectedly retired from baseball due to the diagnosis of ALS. (Pictured Left: Lou Gehrig with Babe Ruth. This is the day that Lou Gehrig gave his speechRead MoreAls Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pagesconcussion is a traumatic brain injury that affects your brain function. Concussions are usually caused by a blow to the head. The effects are also usually temporary. ALS is the most common type of motor neuron disease. It is also sometimes called Lou Gehrig’s disease, after the famous baseball player who was diagnosed with the disease.The center for disease control and prevention estimate that between 14,500 and 15,000 people in the United States had ALS in 2016, with around 5,000 people receivingRead MoreThe New York Yankees Baseball Organization1847 Words   |  8 Pagesbeginning with #1 Billy Martin in 1986. The Yankees most memorable players: Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Yogi Berra and Mickey Mantle left their footprints on the history of the team and the history of the game. Babe Ruth was inaugurated as a Yankee on January 3, 1920 â€Å"Yankees Timeline.† Soon after, the young and powerful Lou Gehrig was inaugurated in 1923 â€Å"www.LouGehrig.com.† Since his inauguration Lou Gehrig has remained the only Yankee in franchise history to hit 4 homeruns in a single gameRead More Babe Ruth Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pagesbecame baseball’s preeminent player, and such a drawing card that New York built a new stadium for the crowds he was attracting. Yankee Stadium had its opening day on April 4, 1923, with a total attendance of 74,000. The stadium became known as â€Å"The House That Ruth Built,† and the period became known as the Golden Age of Baseball. On opening day, Ruth made the first home run in Yankee Stadium history. Ruths slugging percentages in 1920 and 1921 were .847 and .846. Neither figure has ever been approachedRead MoreBabe Ruth Essay793 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest baseball teams of all-time. Behind the outstanding play of Babe Ruth, teammate Lou Gehrig was also performing at an amazingly high level but was shadowed by Ruth’s legendary season. Lou Gehrig’s play that season started to declined though due to his concern for his mother while she was in surgery. â€Å"His heart wasn’t in the game. All he could think about was his beloved momma† (Bryson 778). And with Lou Gehrig’s decline that season, the spotlight was on Babe Ruth and his legendary season thatRead MoreAthletes In Danger In Sport1075 Words   |  5 Pagescausing them to be in danger in the future. Athletes are dying and if changing the rules, even if it changes the game can save lives. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurological disease that affects the spinal cord and brain, also known as Lou GherigÅ› disease. What causes ALS is the toxic protein that builds up in the brain and spinal cord, that is caused by multiple head injuries. If a person has ALS they show symptoms of muscle twitching, tripping, slurring words and have trouble doing

Sexually Transmitted Diseases During Pregnancy Essay

Introduction Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) now referred to as sexual transmitted infections (STI) because some people can be infected and infecting others but never show signs of the disease. Of the estimated 12 million new cases of STD/STIs, women are diagnosed with two-thirds of those cases each year in America. Contrary to popular belief, oftentimes, women are exposed to STD/STIs after just one contact with an infected partner. STD/STIs are of particular anguish among women because of the severe and life-threatening difficulties during pregnancy (Ford Shimers – Bowers, 2009). STIs have become a significant public health problem, especially among minorities. STIs are highly prevalent among African American and Hispanic women†¦show more content†¦In most communities, cultures, and religions there is an expectation of marriage and monogamy while pregnant and that expectation is the reason some women will not require their partners to use condoms which is why STD/STI pre vention during pregnancy is targeted on screenings (Ford Shimers – Bowers, 2009). According to the CDC fact sheet (2010), bacterial vaginosis and is the most common STD/STI among pregnant women and the effects of this and other diseases can be life threatening to mothers. The affects of STD/STIs such as cervical cancer, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease and other complications are the reasons CDC recommends that pregnant women be screened for STD/STIs during the their first prenatal visit. Mother and baby are not the only ones affected by STIs in pregnancy because the cost of caring for them oftentimes depend on local government and add to the negative statistics about a group of people or community. McMillan, Feigin, DeAngelis, and Jones (2006) write prevention of premature birth depends upon limiting the amount of women who smoke and contract sexually transmitted diseases especially in low socio-economic communities. The purpose of this paper is to expound upon w hat is known about STD/STIs; explain the effects of STD/STIs during pregnancy on the community; and to discuss prevention. Literature Review STD/STIs are an important basis of death among teenagers and young adults and theShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Sex Education1613 Words   |  7 Pageswhy students in the United States need a more comprehensive sex education class in their curriculums in school for the following reasons: higher rates of pregnancy in teenagers, higher rates of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, and the negative aspects of the aftermath of teenage childbirth. My first area of discussion is teenage pregnancy due to inadequate sex education programs in school. We can safely assume there aren’t any human beings ages 12 to 17 in this world who are ready, mentallyRead MoreCondoms At School : Disaster Or Success1194 Words   |  5 Pagesto go home and tell their parents that they are pregnant, or that they have contracted a sexually transmitted disease (STD)? It does not sound very pleasant, does it? If teens were to have easy access to condoms these things may not be a problem. A condom is a thin latex sheath that acts as a barrier device (Bedsider, 2014). Condoms are used during intercourse as a barrier to protect from unwanted pregnancy and contracting STDs (Bedsider, 2014). Condoms are not only for use by males but there areRead MoreAbstinence Public Speech961 Words   |  4 Pagesin our society is abstinence. Our culture embraces loose morals and the results have been devastating. More and more teenagers are developing venereal d iseases, such as AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhea, and are having unwanted children before they are married. Contrary to popular belief, condoms arent a 100% guarantee of preventing pregnancy and disease, and therefore the rectitude of abstinence should be practiced. According to Child Trends Data Bank (2001) the percentage of high school studentsRead MoreSex Education Are Essential For Teens1479 Words   |  6 Pagessexual education, such as the risks of being sexually active and the types of protection they should use. We live in a sexually oriented culture as we are exposed to sex on a daily by the media. Therefore, it is important to educate children about sex based on reality. Reality based sex education can help young adults better understand positive sexuality and teaches them safe sex. This will also help prevent sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancy, and helps them understand their bodies. AsRead MoreProblems With Sexual Health And Substance Abuse1452 Words   |  6 Pagessystem, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, and fertility. Untreated STDs can lead to serious long-term health consequences† (Healthy people 2020, 2015. An estimated 19 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are diagnosed each year in the United States; almost half of them among young people ages 15 to 24 (Reproductive and Sexual Health, 2015). New York is a city of many cultures; it is difficult to understand how each culture perceives sexual health and sexually transmitted diseasesRead MoreEffective Topics For Parents And Children About Sex1618 Words   |  7 Pagesthe paper what age group should be taught certain things pertaining to sex. The author states the importance of parents talking to children about sex, before their first sexual encounter, and its importance in preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections or diseases. It states that with effective com munication, between a child and their parent, it can increase the willingness of a child to talk to their parents when they feel they are ready to have their first sexual encounter. The authorRead MoreIncreasing Rates of Teenage Pregnancy 952 Words   |  4 PagesThe problem to be addressed by this proposal is the issue of teenagers pregnancy rates are increasing. Since 2007 we have steadily be rising by 1% every year (Center for Disease Control). In addition we are ranked as the number one nation in the world for having the most teenagers becoming parents. Are teenagers being prepared and educated adequately in the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases and the risks of pregnancies? In my experience no, just last year I had a freshman student who gaveRead MorePersuasive Essay On Sex Education1532 Words   |  7 Pagesages of these drug addicts are getting younger by the day. Drugs such as Heroin have taken the lives of many across the United States, this year; these live s range in age from children to the elderly. Sex education can help prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. The sooner this training begins, the more opportunities we have to engage the children before their first exposure. Why such controversy over the education of our youth? The topic of sex and drug education has a big debateRead MoreEssay about Protect the Future1398 Words   |  6 PagesAssumptions, like this one, may prompt sexual activities among many teens. The amount of teenagers involved in sexual activity has drastically increased over the last several decades. Especially during the course of high school due to the outrageous status que with having sex. Due to such high numbers of sexually active teens, the distribution of condoms in high school could be implemented in every school district across the United States. Many individuals believe in using protection like condoms. YetRead MoreSex Education For A Child s Life Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagescondom during the last instance†(Sex Education in Texas Public Schools). With all the information on the Internet students should be informed on what is correct and what is not. The way we can do that is be placing students in sex educa tion classes. Sex education is a necessary component in a child’s life; with society changing it needs to be offered at a younger age. There are many reasons for this it can help prevent unwanted teen pregnancies, educate youth on sexually transmitted diseases and teach

Investigation on Cyber Security Threat

Question: Discuss about the Investigation on Cyber Security Threat. Answer: Introduction The invention of the computer brought a revolutionary change in the daily life of the human beings. It was thought to be a blessing for the humankind. Years after the discovery of the machine turned out to be blessing in disguise for the humanity. The main reason behind it is a crime committed using this device (McClain et al. 2015). Cyber Security is evaluated on the security, access, storage and integration of data through various electronic modes. The report deals with the threat characterization of the cyber security threats, the investigation methods acquired in resolving the threats and various types of threats the cyber security threats provides and the measures taken against them. Threat Characterizing According to Cavelty, and Mauer, (2016) the national security agencies, as well as the enforcement of the law, are recently facing various types of cyber threats. McMahon, Bressler, and Bressler, (2016) claimed that the result provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation inferred that around $233 through credit card and $3000 check fraud per complaint is reported by Morning Herald. Bhatti, and Sami, (2015) argued the top cyber crime that happened and the complaint that was lodged against it is in the field of Non-delivery of the merchandise that was ordered online, fraud in the area of auction, credit and debit card, computer fraud and the financial institution fraud. The investigation of the cyber crime faced significant challenges that include the tactics of application, cooperation from the parties on whom the investigation is done and setting up regular operation on the legal frameworks. Kuhlthau, (2015) cited that the threat modelling involves the identification of the critical system by creating interconnections drawings and data flow of the programs at a high level. It also includes the identification of the threat and the analysis of it. Non delivery of the merchandise that was ordered online Fraud in the field of auction Credit and debit card forgery. computer fraud and financial institution fraud Investigation Process Traditional process: According to Cavelty, and Mauer, (2016), the inquiry process is setup for the traditional investigation. McClain et al., (2015) showed that the solving of the crime is critical as the decision to be made after a depth investigation. The factors like technical as well as physical evidence help in determining the solution. According to Sharif et al., (2015) the evaluation of the severity of the damages is based on the on the solution. Thakur et al., (2015) claimed that the primary consideration regarding the case of the cyber crime is the elimination of the threats and the prosecution that are possible for eliminating the risk regarding the cybercrime. The trial possibilities are the decision taken by the Assistant of U.S attorney in the concerned district where the crime occurred. Kott, (2014) showed that the prerequisites provided by the legislation shows a significant restriction that investigation process might faces. If the incurred loss is not that much sever e, then the conduction of prosecution is impossible at the level of federal. Nobles et al., (2014) illustrated that the loss that is insufficient and if the charge is done against that crime without the permission of U.S. attorneys, it is considered to be the violation of the law. The attorney must agree with the investigators for prosecuting the case. In a case of this small cybercrime, the local police mostly solve the cases. The investigations regarding the cybercrime are dealt based on case-by-case basis. Hi-tech Cops: The devices like the software and other electronic devices helps to track and gather the evidence against the criminals who performed the crime online. This technique could be used to identify the hackers who use the worm viruses and the malware leading to the damage of billion dollars (Mcmahon, Bressler and Bressler 2016). This method is also known as pen or trap device, which helps in intercepting online based communication in real time. It also helps in decoding the encrypted codes and the password of a suspected device. McMahon, Bressler, and Bressler, (2016) showed that the use of Hitech Cops is done in Florida that saves an amount of around 10 million dollars for the government. Therefore, the trace was easily obtainable by the police squad. Cyber Squad: Thakur et al., (2015) illustrated that method is primarily used to fight against the computer intrusions, hackers and spreading of software that is malicious. Paek et al., (2014) cited that the investigation reflected that the Federal Bureau incorporates the use of Infragard that helps in sharing and integration of information regarding the cybercrime. The FBI and US Department of Justice have a governmental unit on cyber-crime and the internet criminals. Online Undercover: According to McClain et al., (2015), the online undercover method applies that the investigator should be under cover that is the person on whom the investigation is carried should not know his identity. Andress, and Winterfeld, (2013) claimed that this helps in identifying the criminals through series of chats that are performed by the investigator keeping is identity secret. Findings of the Investigations Related to the Cyber Crime and the Measures Taken Type of Cyber Attack Definition Mechanism Measures Cyber Stalking A person internet chat is tracked and followed The electronic communications like instant messages, posted message in the website and e-mail. Personal information should not be disclosed regarding the internet chat and any interactions regarding electronic media (Nobles et al. 2014). Intellectual crime regarding property The source code is tampered. The source code is accessed and manipulation of the code. The authentication should be strong and technical measures should be taken for preventing the leakage of the data (Bhatti and Sami 2015). Phishing The financial frauds occurring in the electronic banking sector. The techniques of social engineering for committing the identity theft are used. The turning down of the phishing websites on an immediate basis (Gupta et al. 2016). The awareness of phishing attack should be present among the users. Data Theft Stealing the data The system is been hacked and the malicious methods are used. The system should be secured and measures should be introduced to prevent the leakage of data (Sharif et al. 2015). Worms like Trojan Horses Various types of hacking mechanisms. The methods of installing the hacking software and the propagation of the malicious code. Installation of the anti malware systems. Conclusion The methods, as well as the findings of the investigation, show that if the investigated methods are applied, then the cyber crime could be minimised. The email, security and the firewalls are affected too much due to the threats of the cyber security. The economy, safety and the public are very much affected due to the security threat. The cyber security threat is one of the most dangerous crimes that is making the entire world affected. Recommendations Recommendation for Traditional process: The most significant limitation in the enquiry process of the traditional investigation process is that the risk and threats of prosecution. The traditional enquiry process is applied during the investigation of small and local crimes. It limitation in the investigation can be eliminated by ensuing the official permission from the US attorneys and agreement of the prosecutors. Recommendation for Hi-tech Cops: Before applying and using the Hi-Tech cops process for the investigation, the police crime department should anticipate the risk involved with the new technologies and financial resource required. The police department should implement a tradeoff between the technological benefits and procurement cost of the process. Recommendation for Cyber Squad: In the investigation process revolving Cyber Squad, the specialized team must involve themselves completely for the continuous monitoring and controlling of the crime over the internet. Recommendation for Online Undercover: The process of online undercover investigation process, must be equipped with continuous monitoring of the operation and investigation. In addition to that, the investigation department must have the permission of the government for accessing the information. Reference List Andress, J. and Winterfeld, S., 2013.Cyber warfare: techniques, tactics and tools for security practitioners. Elsevier. Bhatti, B.M. and Sami, N., 2015, November. Building adaptive defense against cybercrimes using real-time data mining. InAnti-Cybercrime (ICACC), 2015 First International Conference on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Cavelty, M.D. and Mauer, V., 2016.Power and security in the information age: Investigating the role of the state in cyberspace. Routledge Gupta, B.B., Tewari, A., Jain, A.K. and Agrawal, D.P., 2016. Fighting against phishing attacks: state of the art and future challenges.Neural Computing and Applications, pp.1-26. Kott, A., 2014. Towards fundamental science of cyber security. InNetwork Science and Cybersecurity(pp. 1-13). Springer New York. Kuhlthau, C.C., 2015. Model of the information search process (ISP). McClain, J., Silva, A., Emmanuel, G., Anderson, B., Nauer, K., Abbott, R. and Forsythe, C., 2015. Human performance factors in cyber security forensic analysis.Procedia Manufacturing,3, pp.5301-5307. McMahon, R., Bressler, M.S. and Bressler, L., 2016. New Global Cybercrime Calls for High-Tech Cyber-Cops.Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues,19(1), p.26. Nobles, M.R., Reyns, B.W., Fox, K.A. and Fisher, B.S., 2014. Protection against pursuit: A conceptual and empirical comparison of cyberstalking and stalking victimization among a national sample.Justice Quarterly,31(6), pp.986-1014. Paek, S.H., Park, I.S., Lee, E.Y., Yun, J.B., Sohn, K.W. and Choi, S.J., Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 2014.System for an engine for forecasting cyber threats and method for forecasting cyber threats using the system. U.S. Patent 8,800,037. Sharif, A., Cooney, S., Gong, S. and Vitek, D., 2015, October. Current security threats and prevention measures relating to cloud services, Hadoop concurrent processing, and big data. InBig Data (Big Data), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 1865-1870). IEEE. Thakur, K., Qiu, M., Gai, K. and Ali, M.L., 2015, November. An investigation on cyber security threats and security models. InCyber Security and Cloud Computing (CSCloud), 2015 IEEE 2nd International Conference on(pp. 307-311). IEEE.

The Name Of The Rose Essays - Films, The Name Of The Rose

The Name of the Rose Umberto Eco has an interesting and fascinating style of writing as he, in great detail, tells of a series of crimes and unbelievable murders in a wealthy Italian abbey in the year1327. A monk, William of Baskerville, and his assistant, Adso, are assigned the challenge of decoding the numerous secret symbols to unravel the mysteries. They will have to explore the unusual labyrinth of a library to solve the crimes. The two monks have a lot of logic, wit, curiosity, and intelligence and find themselves up against a clever enemy, a murderer with all the appearance of the Antichrist. The original reason for William's being asked to come was to investigate the death of Adelmo, a young monk, who had apparently committed suicide. The abbot had heard of William's great knowledge and invited him to come and try to figure out the reason if or how this young monk had been killed. The abbot instructed him to bring a novice with him because the abbey had no one extra to spare. William had previously met a young monk named Adso during his travels and wanted him to come along so that he could later learn from William. The two traveled to the abbey, high on top of a mountain. When they arrived, the abbot showed his appreciation by preparing a large dinner in their honor. They were then informed of the details of the death of Adelmo. His body had been found at the bottom of a cliff on the side of the mountain. It was assumed that he had committed suicide, but they had no way of proving this hypothesis. If he had jumped, the only possible window would be from the library. This would be nearly impossible because entry to the library was forbidden to everyone except the librarian, and the assistant librarian; not even the abbot was allowed in this place. This explains why William was asked to come and investigate the death. If he didn't jump, who killed him and why? Another variable added to this whole problem was that someone had brought up the fact that the signs of the Antichrist were possibly being acted out. The Book of the Apostle said at the first sound of the trumpet came the hail, and Adelmo's body was found in the snow after a hailstorm; which was later found out from the abbot. Later that day, William and Adso had a brief encounter with Severinus, the herbalist. They asked him many questions about the abbey and what kinds of herbs he grew. They were trying to find out what, if any, herbs Adelmo may have gotten his hands on in order to kill himself. The only herbs that Severinus knew about that had that kind of power and that he had in his infirmary were still in their respective cases that had never been opened. After discussing this briefly, they asked Severinus to give them a tour of the Aedificium. Severinus took them up onto the second floor of the Aedificium, the Scriptorium. There they meet many copyists, scholars, rubricators, and the head librarian. They were also introduced to an old, blind monk named Jorge. They talked to Malachi, the librarian, about the books in the library. They had a very detailed talk with all of the people in the Scriptorium on the topic of laughter, which brings out the worst in some present, Jorge especially. He mentions that the Antichrist is on his way to the world because certain signs had been lurking around the abbey. He says, ? He is coming! .......Do not squander the last seven days!? At supper they were invited to the abbot's table to eat with Jorge; Alinardo, another older monk believed to have gone mad; the abbot; Malachi, the librarian; and Berengar, the assistant librarian. After dinner they went back into the church for Compline, the service before bed. They noted that Malachi had come in from a different door than all the rest of the monks. They then concluded that there must be an alternate entrance( an ossarium ) somewhere that he passed through the Aedificium to get out of the library. The next day they discovered something very gruesome. They were in the opening services when they noticed that Venantius was missing. During the service, a few swineherds came rushing in, which was very unusual, and went straight to the abbot. He rushed outside as the swineherds told all the other monks what had happened. They had seen legs sticking out of a barrel

Abstinence vs Harm Reduction Essays - Alcohol Abuse, Free Essays

Abstinence vs Harm Reduction Essays - Alcohol Abuse, Free Essays ADDC 1101: Introduction to Addiction Abstinence vs Harm Reduction One of the most talked about debates in addiction counseling is between abstinence and harm reduction. In general, Abstinence-focused addiction counseling believes that recovery only exists if the addictive substance is completely removed from the life of the individual it affects. The issue is seen as largely black or white: either you drink/use drugs and deal with the consequences, or you abstain and live a life in recovery. Harm Reduction-focused addiction counseling generally follows the belief that not everyone is in a place to completely abstain; and therefore, it is best to take steps to reduce the risks to the person and others when the individual chooses to partake in the addictive substance. The notion is that some people may not currently be willingly or able to completely give up the substance of their addiction (www.new-hope-recovery.com). For people seeking help, total abstinence is an ideal goal but given their circumstances and motivation for change, that goal may be unreachable when they first seek help. Many abstinence-based facilities are moving away from kicking out a client after one positive urine screen, which was not always the case. Often the treatment team reassesses the situation and decides if the treatment plan is still appropriate and if the client is receiving the proper level of care. Similarly, abstinence-based facilities are also increasingly using or allowing pharmacotherapy as an adjunct to treatment. Many treatment facilities now work with clients who are on Suboxone, Vivitrol, Naltrexone, etc. Allowing these medications is a harm-reduction approach to treatment, but in practice those modalities are becoming more acceptable across the board (www.new-hope-recovery.com) There are many types of harm reduction modalities including: drug replacement therapy such as methadone or needle exchange programs, designated drivers, substituting less harmful drugs, testing illicit drugs for harmful additives and behavior modification to control intake. Because harm reduction philosophy and practice resides in the gray area of the continuum, research on the topic has been muddled, largely due to the lack of a consistent definition as to what harm reduction is and how it should be measured. This makes sense even if you only consider the expansive list provided above as types of harm reduction The general focus of harm reduction is not whether an individual does or does not do a particular behavior, it is about reducing the potential problems associated with it. Substance use under the harm reduction approach is not black/white, either/or; it is the gray area in between. If a person chooses to drink or use drugs, the focus is on ways to reduce the risk from using . An important concept that some people and policy makers do not understand is that the harm reduction approach should not be seen as condoning risky or illegal behavior. Rather, it understands that risky behavior is inevitably going to occur, so it is more beneficial to curb the negative consequences incrementally as best as possible (www.new-hope-recovery.com)

Business Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Model - Essay Example agers is the business model canvas that evaluates organizations based on their value proposition, customer segments, channels, key activities, key partners, customer relations, revenue streams, cost structure and key resources. Osterwalder (2004) describes a business model as describing the rationale of how an individual firm creates captures and delivers value. This paper provides an evaluation of the business model of General Electric based on the building blocks in the business model canvas. As such, the paper will look at the value proposition in terms of the products that it offers to its customers and how the company creates value to the customers who then are convinced to make repeat purchases. It will also asses the key activities that General Electric engages in to offer value to its customers, the resources it needs to perform these activities; their key partners customer segments and the sources of income. General Electric is widely known for its products that are sold to consumers globally. The company has highly diversified its products to cover several areas including consumer products, energy, infrastructure and products in the industrial segment. The company, has grown over time to be one of the most successful and largest producers of goods in the world and their business model is worth a study. The company’s business model is characterized by the diversification of their line of products to cover a wide range of products in a variety of fields including health and aviation industries. This should reasonably protect the company against the risks associated with a down turn in any of the industries (Gondzwaard, 1976). In what some scholars have noted to be an American culture oriented business environment, General Electric encourages competition both internally and externally and regards individual effort more than collective effort. The company also encourages and rewards continuous learning. In what can be called their value proposition,